JAC Advance Access published online on May 25, 2005
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dki180
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1 Department of Epidemiology MC-45, Albany Medical Center, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Background: In 1995, Methods: A case-control study of 119 patients with ESBL organisms and 132 patients with non-ESBL organisms was conducted. Demographics, co-morbidities, device utilization and antibiotic use were analysed for all patients and infected patients only (cases = 75, controls = 83). Both exposure and degree of exposure (in grams) to antibiotics were included. A dot blot hybridization technique was used to identify genes in plasmid extracts from the ESBL organisms. Results: Ventilator days OR 1.1 (1.06, 1.15) P < 0.001, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) OR 3.1 (1.0, 9.7) P = 0.05, prior aminoglycoside use OR 2.7 (1.2, 6.1) P = 0.02, prior third-generation cephalosporin use OR 7.2 (2.6, 20) P < 0.001, and prior trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole use OR 8.8 (3.1, 26) P < 0.001 were significantly associated with ESBL organisms by multivariate analysis. All models were concordant with a significant association of ventilator days, third-generation cephalosporins and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with ESBL organisms. Conclusions: These data indicate that, besides patient risk factors and third-generation cephalosporins, other antibiotics may provide selective pressures in maintaining ESBL organisms due to multiple resistance genes on plasmids.
Received June 14, 2004
Revised February 27, 2005
Accepted April 28, 2005
Original article
Risk factors associated with extended-spectrum
-lactamase-producing organisms at a tertiary care hospital
2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
3 Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Eileen M. Graffunder, E-mail: Graffue{at}mail.amc.edu
Abstract 
-lactam inhibitor combinations replaced third-generation cephalosporins as empirical therapy in an effort to manage extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) resistance. This study investigated the relationship between antibiotic usage and ESBL organisms from 1994 through 2002 using epidemiological and molecular analysis.-Lactamase inhibitor combinations were not associated with ESBL organisms. Hybridization of plasmid extracts demonstrated that 95% of the ESBL organisms carried intI1, a mobile DNA element with a sulphonamide-resistance (R) gene and a frequent carrier of other R factors. Genes for specific types of trimethoprim-R and aminoglycoside-R were present in 26% and 40% of the extracts, respectively.-Lactamase inhibitor combinations appear to be an acceptable substitute to third-generation cephalosporins in strategies to control ESBL organisms.
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