JAC Advance Access published online on December 19, 2003
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkh016
© 2003 by The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
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Original article
1 The Triangle Research
And Development Center, Kfar-Qaraa;
* Corresponding author. E-mail: erubins{at}yahoo.com.
Received 23 June 2003
; revised 8 October 2003
; accepted 9 October 2003
Objectives: To investigate the in
vitro acquisition of resistance to antibiotics by Bacillus
anthracis. Methods: The in vitro activities
of 18 antibacterial agents against two strains of B.
anthracis, the Sterne strain and the Russian anthrax vaccine
strain ST-1, were tested by determining the MICs and by measuring
the rates of antibiotic kill at 5x and
10x MIC. Results: The fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin,
ofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, the Conclusions: These data expand on the spectrum
of agents recommended for the treatment of anthrax (ciprofloxacin,
penicillin G and tetracyclines) and add new options, such as other
fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin, rifampicin and quinupristin/dalfopristin,
as potential therapeutic agents.
Keywords: anthrax, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, In vitro susceptibility of Bacillus
anthracis to various antibacterial agents and their time-kill
activity
2 The Triangle Research
And Development Center, Kfar-Qaraa; Department Of Human Microbiology Tel-Aviv University,
School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv;
3 Department Of Human Microbiology Tel-Aviv University,
School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv;
4 Toronto Centre for Antimicrobial Research & Evaluation,
Department of Microbiology Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
5 Department Of Human Microbiology Tel-Aviv University,
School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv; Infectious
Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University School
of Medicine, Tel Hashomer, Israel
-lactams
penicillin G and amoxicillin, the macrolide clarithromycin, the
ketolide telithromycin, as well as clindamycin, rifampicin and quinupristin/dalfopristin
had MICs in the range of 0.03-0.25 mg/L. Minocycline had
an MIC of 0.03 mg/L, as did penicillin, against the ST-1 strain.
Ciprofloxacin had an MIC of 0.03 mg/L against both strains. Erythromycin,
vancomycin and the oxazolidinone linezolid were less active (MIC
0.5-2.5 mg/L). Ceftriaxone was the least active, having
an MIC of 8.0 mg/L. Chloramphenicol was inactive (MIC > 256
mg/L). Quinupristin/dalfopristin, rifampicin and moxifloxacin showed
the most rapid bacterial killing, achieving a complete
eradication of detectable organisms (2 log10 reduction
within 0.5-3 h and 4 log10 reduction within 0.5-4
h for both strains at concentrations of 5x and
10x the MIC). The -lactams
and vancomycin demonstrated a 2-4 log10 reduction
within 5-15 h. Ceftriaxone had a similar effect to penicillin
and amoxicillin against the ST-1 strain, but a slower effect than
these two -lactams against the Sterne
strain. The macrolides, tetracyclines and linezolid demonstrated
a lower kill rate, while chloramphenicol did not kill at all.-lactams
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