JAC Advance Access published online on October 16, 2003
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, doi:10.1093/jac/dkg449
© 2003 by The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
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Original article
1 Center for Oral Biology
and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical
Center, Rochester, NY, USA;
* Corresponding author. E-mail: Hyun_Koo{at}urmc.rochester.edu.
Received 14 July 2003
; revised 8 August 2003
; accepted 15 August 2003
Objectives: Apigenin is a potent inhibitor
of glucosyltransferases and tt-farnesol affects
the membrane integrity of Streptococcus mutans.
We investigated the influence of apigenin and tt-farnesol,
alone and in combination, on the accumulation, polysaccharide composition
and viability of S. mutans UA159 biofilms. Methods: Initially, biofilms were grown for
54 h; then, the early-formed biofilms were treated for 1 min twice daily
with one of the following: (i) 1.33 mM tt-farnesol;
(ii) 1.33 mM apigenin; (iii) apigenin + tt-farnesol
(1.33 mM each); (iv) vehicle control (20% ethanol
with 0.75% dimethyl sulphoxide); (v) 0.12% chlorhexidine (1.33
mM); or (vi) physiological saline (145 mM NaCl). The procedure was
repeated at biofilm ages of 78 and 102 h, and biofilms were harvested
at 126 h. The dry weight, protein concentration, number of cfu,
and polysaccharide composition per biofilm were determined. Results: The dry weights of the biofilms treated
with the test agents were significantly less (30-50%)
than those treated with vehicle control (P < 0.05).
Biofilms treated with the test agents also resulted in lower amounts
of extracellular alkali-soluble glucans, intracellular iodophilic
polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, fructans. The fructosyltransferase
activity was affected only by apigenin and apigenin + tt-farnesol. The recoverable viable counts of S. mutans were slightly lower (0.5 to 1 log10 decrease
in cfu/biofilm) after apigenin and tt-farnesol
treatments compared with the vehicle control. Chlorhexidine displayed
potent bactericidal activity, and virtually halted the further accumulation
of early-formed (54 h old) biofilms. Conclusions: Apigenin and tt-farnesol
affected the accumulation and polysaccharide content of S.
mutans biofilms without major impact on the bacterial viability.
Keywords: glucans, fructans, glucosyltransferases, flavonoids,
propolis
Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm
accumulation and polysaccharide production by apigenin and tt-farnesol
2 Department
of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, tate University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
3 Department of Food Science, College
of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
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