JAC Advance Access originally published online on February 7, 2006
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006 57(4):732-740; doi:10.1093/jac/dkl015
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Caspofungin: antifungal activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and effects on fungal load and animal survival in neutropenic rats with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
1 Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; 3 Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Received 13 October 2005; returned 6 December 2005; revised 20 December 2005; accepted 23 December 2005
* Corresponding author. Tel: +31-10-463-2174; Fax: +31-10-463-3875; E-mail: w.vanvianen{at}erasmusmc.nl
Objectives: Evaluation of the potential of caspofungin, in relation to pharmacokinetics, in order to optimize its use in the treatment of filamentous fungal infections.
Methods: The in vitro antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin versus amphotericin B was investigated in vitro as well as in a model of aerogenic Aspergillus fumigatus infection in neutropenic rats, using rat survival and decrease in fungal burden as parameters for therapeutic efficacy.
Results: In contrast to amphotericin B, caspofungin shows a concentration-dependent gradual decrease in fungal growth in vitro, which makes it difficult to perform visual readings of antifungal activity (CLSI guidelines). The quantitative XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-[(sulphenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide] assay measuring a decrease in fungal metabolic activity seems more appropriate for caspofungin susceptibility testing. Using this assay, in vitro caspofungin was 4-fold less active than amphotericin B. In the infection model, therapy was started 16 h after fungal inoculation, and continued once daily for 10 days. Caspofungin was administered intraperitoneally at 1, 2, 3 or 4 mg/kg/day (CAS 1, 2, 3 or 4), amphotericin B at 1 mg/kg/day (AMB 1). Treatment with CAS 1 or AMB 1 provided modest prolongation of animal survival. The combination of caspofungin and amphotericin B did not show additive effects. Increasing the dosage of caspofungin to 2, 3 or 4 mg/kg/day resulted in a dose-dependent significant increase in efficacy. There was 100% survival among rats in the CAS 4 group, which was correlated with a significant decrease in fungal burden, based on the concentration of A. fumigatus galactomannan in serum and lung tissue and quantification of A. fumigatus DNA in lung tissue. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the CAS 4 dose in rats produced drug exposure comparable to the human situation, visualized by similar 24 h AUC and trough concentrations.
Conclusions: The therapeutic efficacy of caspofungin is superior to amphotericin B, which seemed to be discrepant with their in vitro antifungal activity.
Keywords: amphotericin B , XTT assay , Aspergillus fumigatus , quantitative PCR , galactomannan
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