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JAC Advance Access originally published online on September 2, 2005
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2005 56(4):672-677; doi:10.1093/jac/dki325
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Activity of amine oxide against biofilms of Streptococcus mutans: a potential biocide for oral care formulations

Sébastien Fraud1, Jean-Yves Maillard1,*, Michael A. Kaminski2 and Geoffrey W. Hanlon1

1 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Brighton University, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; 2 Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Received 4 May 2005; returned 29 June 2005; revised 16 August 2005; accepted 17 August 2005

* Corresponding author. Present address. Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK. Tel: +44-2920-879088; Fax: +44-2920-874149; E-mail: maillardj{at}cardiff.ac.uk

Aims: To assess the potential bactericidal activity of amine oxide (C10-C16-alkyldimethyl N-oxides) against Streptococcus mutans grown as planktonic suspension and as biofilm on hydroxyapatite discs, and its ability to control acidification of the media.

Methods: Amine oxide bacteriostasis was investigated using the Bioscreen C Microbiological Growth Analyser, while a standard suspension test was used to determine its bactericidal efficacy. In addition, the lethal activity of amine oxide was studied against sedimentation biofilms of S. mutans on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs and resuspended biofilms. Several parameters were considered such as the surfactant concentration, pH, the starting inoculum and the maturity of the biofilm.

Results: Amine oxide was bacteriostatic against planktonic S. mutans at a low concentration (0.006% v/v) and highly bactericidal against S. mutans in suspension or in a mature biofilm on hydroxyapatite, although the concentration required to achieve the latter effect was four times higher. The activity of amine oxide against biofilms depended upon its concentration and the age of the biofilm. In addition, amine oxide pre-treatment of the HA discs did not affect the growth of the biofilm. Finally, amine oxide did not prevent the acidification of the medium, although lower pHs had a potentiating effect on amine oxide activity.

Conclusion: Amine oxide showed high potential for controlling early biofilms caused by periodontal bacteria. Further investigations should be carried out, particularly on the potential toxicity of amine oxide and its efficacy in complex formulations for oral care products.

Keywords: biocides , dental plaque , killing kinetics , biofilms


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