JAC Advance Access originally published online on October 16, 2003
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Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2003) 52, 782-789
© 2003 The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm accumulation and polysaccharide production by apigenin and tt-farnesol
1 Center for Oral Biology and Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba and 3 Department of Food Science, College of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
Received 14 July 2003; returned 31 July 2003; revised 8 August 2003; accepted 15 August 2003
Objectives: Apigenin is a potent inhibitor of glucosyltransferases and tt-farnesol affects the membrane integrity of Streptococcus mutans. We investigated the influence of apigenin and tt-farnesol, alone and in combination, on the accumulation, polysaccharide composition and viability of S. mutans UA159 biofilms.
Methods: Initially, biofilms were grown for 54 h; then, the early-formed biofilms were treated for 1 min twice daily with one of the following: (i) 1.33 mM tt-farnesol; (ii) 1.33 mM apigenin; (iii) apigenin + tt-farnesol (1.33 mM each); (iv) vehicle control (20% ethanol with 0.75% dimethyl sulphoxide); (v) 0.12% chlorhexidine (1.33 mM); or (vi) physiological saline (145 mM NaCl). The procedure was repeated at biofilm ages of 78 and 102 h, and biofilms were harvested at 126 h. The dry weight, protein concentration, number of cfu, and polysaccharide composition per biofilm were determined.
Results: The dry weights of the biofilms treated with the test agents were significantly less (30–50%) than those treated with vehicle control (P < 0.05). Biofilms treated with the test agents also resulted in lower amounts of extracellular alkali-soluble glucans, intracellular iodophilic polysaccharides and, to a lesser extent, fructans. The fructosyltransferase activity was affected only by apigenin and apigenin + tt-farnesol. The recoverable viable counts of S. mutans were slightly lower (0.5 to 1 log10 decrease in cfu/biofilm) after apigenin and tt-farnesol treatments compared with the vehicle control. Chlorhexidine displayed potent bactericidal activity, and virtually halted the further accumulation of early-formed (54 h old) biofilms.
Conclusions: Apigenin and tt-farnesol affected the accumulation and polysaccharide content of S. mutans biofilms without major impact on the bacterial viability.
Keywords: glucans, fructans, glucosyltransferases, flavonoids, propolis
* Correspondence address. University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Oral Biology, 601 Elmwood Avenue Box 611, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Tel: +1-716-275-1433; Fax: +1-716-473-2679; E-mail: Hyun_Koo{at}urmc.rochester.edu
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