JAC Advance Access originally published online on July 15, 2003
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2003) 52, 229-246
© 2003 The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
The Alexander Project 1998–2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents
1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106; 3 Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA; 2 GR Micro, London, UK
Received 24 May 2002; returned 1 July 2002; revised 30 April 2003; accepted 7 May 2003
Objectives: The Alexander Project is a continuing surveillance study, begun in 1992, examining the susceptibility of pathogens involved in adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI) to a range of antimicrobial agents.
Materials and methods: This study tested the susceptibility of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis collected between 1998 and 2000 to 23 antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of agents were determined using the broth microdilution method and interpreted according to NCCLS and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints.
Results: In total, 8882 isolates of S. pneumoniae, 8523 isolates of H. influenzae and 874 isolates of M. catarrhalis were collected during 1998–2000 from centres in 26 countries. The world-wide prevalence of penicillin resistance (penicillin MICs 
2 mg/L) in isolates of S. pneumoniae was 18.2% over the study period, and the prevalence of macrolide resistance (erythromycin MICs 1 mg/L) in this pathogen was 24.6%. Over the study period, macrolide resistance exceeded penicillin resistance in 19 of the 26 countries included in the study. Of the non-fluoroquinolone agents, the only oral agents to which over 90% of S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible at both NCCLS and PK/PD breakpoints were amoxicillin (95.1%) and co-amoxiclav (95.5–97.9%). The prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae (ofloxacin MICs 8 mg/L) was 1.1%. Gemifloxacin was the most potent fluoroquinolone tested against S. pneumoniae (99.9% susceptible). In isolates of H. influenzae, ß-lactamase production was 16.9%, whereas the prevalence of ß-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains was low (0.2%). ß-Lactamase production in M. catarrhalis world-wide remained high over the period studied (92.1%). Using PK/PD breakpoints, the most active non-fluoroquinolone agents against H. influenzae were ceftriaxone (100% susceptible), cefixime (99.8%) and co-amoxiclav (98.1–99.6%). Co-amoxiclav, cefdinir and cefixime (100%) were the most active ß-lactams against M. catarrhalis. Both H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were highly susceptible to the fluoroquinolones.
Conclusions: These data demonstrate the continued evolution of and geographical variation in bacterial resistance and highlight the need for appropriate prescribing of antimicrobials in CARTI, using agents with adequate activity, based on local susceptibility profiles and PK/PD parameters.
Keywords: surveillance, antimicrobial resistance, community-acquired respiratory tract infection, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis
* Corresponding author. Tel: +1-216-844-3484; Fax: +1-216-844-5601; E-mail: mrj6{at}po.cwru.edu
The Alexander Study group participants are listed in the Acknowledgements.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. A. Khan, J. B. Northwood, F. Levy, S. J. C. Verhaegh, D. J. Farrell, A. Van Belkum, and J. P. Hays bro {beta}-lactamase and antibiotic resistances in a global cross-sectional study of Moraxella catarrhalis from children and adults J. Antimicrob. Chemother., November 4, 2009; (2009) dkp401v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-L. Ho, V. C.-C. Cheng, and C.-M. Chu Antibiotic Resistance in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii Chest, October 1, 2009; 136(4): 1119 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kosowska-Shick, L. M. Ednie, P. McGhee, and P. C. Appelbaum Comparative Antipneumococcal Activities of Sulopenem and Other Drugs Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2009; 53(6): 2239 - 2247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. H. Hwang A 51-Year-Old Woman With Acute Onset of Facial Pressure, Rhinorrhea, and Tooth Pain: Review of Acute Rhinosinusitis JAMA, May 6, 2009; 301(17): 1798 - 1807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Harrison, C. Woods, G. Stout, B. Martin, and R. Selvarangan Susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, including serotype 19A, and Moraxella catarrhalis paediatric isolates from 2005 to 2007 to commonly used antibiotics J. Antimicrob. Chemother., March 1, 2009; 63(3): 511 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ladhani, P. T. Heath, M. E. Ramsay, and M. P. E. Slack Changes in antibiotic resistance rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates in England and Wales over the last 20 years J. Antimicrob. Chemother., October 1, 2008; 62(4): 776 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Garcia-Cobos, J. Campos, E. Cercenado, F. Roman, E. Lazaro, M. Perez-Vazquez, F. de Abajo, and J. Oteo Antibiotic Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Decreased, except for {beta}-Lactamase-Negative Amoxicillin-Resistant Isolates, in Parallel with Community Antibiotic Consumption in Spain from 1997 to 2007 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., August 1, 2008; 52(8): 2760 - 2766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Smith, L. M. Ednie, P. C. Appelbaum, S. Hawser, and S. Lociuro Antistreptococcal Activity of AR-709 Compared to That of Other Agents Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2008; 52(6): 2279 - 2282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Takahata, Y. Kato, Y. Sanbongi, K. Maebashi, and T. Ida Comparison of the Efficacies of Oral {beta}-Lactams in Selection of Haemophilus influenzae Transformants with Mutated ftsI Genes Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2008; 52(5): 1880 - 1883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Karageorgopoulos MD, K. P. Giannopoulou MD, A. P. Grammatikos MD MSc, G. Dimopoulos MD, and M. E. Falagas MD DSc Fluoroquinolones compared with {beta}-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 25, 2008; 178(7): 845 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Balsalobre and A. G. de la Campa Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Strains with Topoisomerase IV Recombinant Genes Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., March 1, 2008; 52(3): 822 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kosowska-Shick, C. Clark, K. Credito, B. Dewasse, L. Beachel, L. Ednie, and P. C. Appelbaum In Vitro Capability of Faropenem To Select for Resistant Mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2008; 52(2): 748 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Clark, K. Smith, L. Ednie, T. Bogdanovich, B. Dewasse, P. McGhee, and P. C. Appelbaum In Vitro Activity of DC-159a, a New Broad-Spectrum Fluoroquinolone, Compared with That of Other Agents against Drug-Susceptible and -Resistant Pneumococci Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2008; 52(1): 77 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Tristram and J. G. Burdach Effect of cloned inhibitor-resistant TEM {beta}-lactamases on the susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to amoxicillin/clavulanate J. Antimicrob. Chemother., November 1, 2007; 60(5): 1151 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Clark, K. Kosowska-Shick, L. M. Ednie, and P. C. Appelbaum Capability of 11 Antipneumococcal Antibiotics To Select for Resistance by Multistep and Single-Step Methodologies Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2007; 51(11): 4196 - 4201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Canut, J. E. Martin-Herrero, A. Labora, and H. Maortua What are the most appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A therapeutic outcomes model J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2007; 60(3): 605 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Sener, F. Tunckanat, S. Ulusoy, A. Tunger, G. Soyletir, L. Mulazimoglu, N. Gurler, L. Oksuz, I. Koksal, K. Aydin, et al. A survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in Turkey, 2004 2005 J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2007; 60(3): 587 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Calatayud, C. Ardanuy, E. Cercenado, A. Fenoll, E. Bouza, R. Pallares, R. Martin, and J. Linares Serotypes, Clones, and Mechanisms of Resistance of Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Collected in Spain Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2007; 51(9): 3240 - 3246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Masood, I. Moumoulidis, and J. Panesar Acute rhinosinusitis in adults: an update on current management Postgrad. Med. J., June 1, 2007; 83(980): 402 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Martin, S. Quilici, T. File, J. Garau, A. Kureishi, and M. Kubin Cost-effectiveness of empirical prescribing of antimicrobials in community-acquired pneumonia in three countries in the presence of resistance J. Antimicrob. Chemother., May 1, 2007; 59(5): 977 - 989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Tristram, M. R. Jacobs, and P. C. Appelbaum Antimicrobial Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae Clin. Microbiol. Rev., April 1, 2007; 20(2): 368 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Izdebski, E. Sadowy, J. Fiett, P. Grzesiowski, M. Gniadkowski, and W. Hryniewicz Clonal Diversity and Resistance Mechanisms in Tetracycline-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Poland Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., April 1, 2007; 51(4): 1155 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Hogberg, P. Geli, H. Ringberg, E. Melander, M. Lipsitch, and K. Ekdahl Age- and Serogroup-Related Differences in Observed Durations of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2007; 45(3): 948 - 952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sadowy, R. Izdebski, A. Skoczynska, P. Grzesiowski, M. Gniadkowski, and W. Hryniewicz Phenotypic and Molecular Analysis of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Poland Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2007; 51(1): 40 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ardanuy, A. Fenoll, S. Berron, L. Calatayud, J. Linares, and the Spanish Pneumococcal Infection Study Network Increase of the M Phenotype among Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Spain Related to the Serotype 14 Variant of the Spain9V-3 Clone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2006; 50(9): 3162 - 3165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Sanbongi, T. Suzuki, Y. Osaki, N. Senju, T. Ida, and K. Ubukata Molecular Evolution of {beta}-Lactam-Resistant Haemophilus influenzae: 9-Year Surveillance of Penicillin-Binding Protein 3 Mutations in Isolates from Japan. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2006; 50(7): 2487 - 2492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Schussler, M. Alifano, H. Dermine, S. Strano, A. Casetta, S. Sepulveda, A. Chafik, S. Coignard, A. Rabbat, and J.-F. Regnard Postoperative Pneumonia after Major Lung Resection Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2006; 173(10): 1161 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Lin, K. Smith, L. M. Ednie, and P. C. Appelbaum Antipneumococcal Activity of Dalbavancin Compared to Other Agents Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2005; 49(12): 5182 - 5184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Luxameechanporn, V. Kirtsreesakul, J. Klemens, P. Khoury, K. Thompson, and R. M. Naclerio Evaluation of Importance of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae Sinusitis in Mice Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, November 1, 2005; 131(11): 1001 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P. Cober and C. E Johnson Otitis Media: Review of the 2004 Treatment Guidelines Ann. Pharmacother., November 1, 2005; 39(11): 1879 - 1887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Rantala, S. Huikko, P. Huovinen, J. Jalava, and the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistan Prevalence and Molecular Genetics of Macrolide Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Collected in Finland in 2002 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2005; 49(10): 4180 - 4184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Stanhope, S. L. Walsh, J. A. Becker, M. J. Italia, K. A. Ingraham, M. N. Gwynn, T. Mathie, J. A. Poupard, L. A. Miller, J. R. Brown, et al. Molecular Evolution Perspectives on Intraspecific Lateral DNA Transfer of Topoisomerase and Gyrase Loci in Streptococcus pneumoniae, with Implications for Fluoroquinolone Resistance Development and Spread Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2005; 49(10): 4315 - 4326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Lee and B. W. Y. Young Antibiotics for childhood community-acquired pneumonia in a region with a high prevalence of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2005; 56(3): 603 - 605. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Weiss and G. S. Tillotson The Controversy of Combination vs Monotherapy in the Treatment of Hospitalized Community-Acquired Pneumonia Chest, August 1, 2005; 128(2): 940 - 946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. R. Reinert, S. Reinert, M. van der Linden, M. Y. Cil, A. Al-Lahham, and P. Appelbaum Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Eight European Countries from 2001 to 2003 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2005; 49(7): 2903 - 2913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Ferrandiz, C. Ardanuy, J. Linares, J. M. Garcia-Arenzana, E. Cercenado, A. Fleites, A. G. de la Campa, and the Spanish Pneumococcal Infection Study Network New Mutations and Horizontal Transfer of rpoB among Rifampin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Four Spanish Hospitals Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2005; 49(6): 2237 - 2245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. P. Heilmann, C. L. Rice, A. L. Miller, N. J. Miller, S. E. Beekmann, M. A. Pfaller, S. S. Richter, and G. V. Doern Decreasing Prevalence of {beta}-Lactamase Production among Respiratory Tract Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2005; 49(6): 2561 - 2564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Perez-Trallero, C. Garcia-de-la-Fuente, C. Garcia-Rey, F. Baquero, L. Aguilar, R. Dal-Re, J. Garcia-de-Lomas, and the Spanish Surveillance Group for Respiratory Pat Geographical and Ecological Analysis of Resistance, Coresistance, and Coupled Resistance to Antimicrobials in Respiratory Pathogenic Bacteria in Spain Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2005; 49(5): 1965 - 1972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kasahara, K. Maeda, K. Mikasa, K. Uno, K. Takahashi, M. Konishi, E. Yoshimoto, K. Murakawa, E. Kita, and H. Kimura Clonal Dissemination of Macrolide-Resistant and Penicillin-Susceptible Serotype 3 and Penicillin-Resistant Taiwan 19F-14 and 23F-15 Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Japan: a Pilot Surveillance Study J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2005; 43(4): 1640 - 1645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Berry, J. Hoover, C. Singley, and G. Woodnutt Comparative Bacteriological Efficacy of Pharmacokinetically Enhanced Amoxicillin-Clavulanate against Streptococcus pneumoniae with Elevated Amoxicillin MICs and Haemophilus influenzae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., March 1, 2005; 49(3): 908 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. M. Jimenez, J. L. M. Bellido, and J. A. Garcia Rodriguez Risk Factors Associated with Colonization by Pneumococci with Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones in Adult Outpatients J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2005; 43(3): 1193 - 1197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Appelbaum Are Cephalosporins Appropriate for the Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in This Era of Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance Among Common Respiratory Tract Pathogens? Clinical Pediatrics, March 1, 2005; 44(2): 95 - 107. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ardanuy, F. Tubau, J. Linares, M. A. Dominguez, R. Pallares, R. Martin, and The Spanish Pneumococcal Infection Study Network Distribution of Subclasses mefA and mefE of the mefA Gene among Clinical Isolates of Macrolide-Resistant (M-Phenotype) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Viridans Group Streptococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2005; 49(2): 827 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sethi, J. Breton, and B. Wynne Efficacy and Safety of Pharmacokinetically Enhanced Amoxicillin-Clavulanate at 2,000/125 Milligrams Twice Daily for 5 Days versus Amoxicillin-Clavulanate at 875/125 Milligrams Twice Daily for 7 Days in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2005; 49(1): 153 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Abbanat, G. Webb, B. Foleno, Y. Li, M. Macielag, D. Montenegro, E. Wira, and K. Bush In Vitro Activities of Novel 2-Fluoro-Naphthyridine-Containing Ketolides Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2005; 49(1): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Oggioni, F. Iannelli, S. Ricci, D. Chiavolini, R. Parigi, C. Trappetti, J.-P. Claverys, and G. Pozzi Antibacterial Activity of a Competence-Stimulating Peptide in Experimental Sepsis Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2004; 48(12): 4725 - 4732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cerquetti, R. Cardines, M. Giufre, P. Mastrantonio, and on behalf of the Hi Study Group Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from invasive disease in Italy J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2004; 54(6): 1139 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Dias and M. Canica Emergence of invasive erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Portugal: contribution and phylogenetic relatedness of serotype 14 J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2004; 54(6): 1035 - 1039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Bruinsma, K. G. Kristinsson, S. Bronzwaer, P. Schrijnemakers, J. Degener, E. Tiemersma, W. Hryniewicz, J. Monen, H. Grundmann, and on behalf of EARSS participants Trends of penicillin and erythromycin resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Europe J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2004; 54(6): 1045 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Odenholt, O. Cars, and E. Lowdin Pharmacodynamic studies of amoxicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae: comparison of a new pharmacokinetically enhanced formulation (2000 mg twice daily) with standard dosage regimens J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2004; 54(6): 1062 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Matic, K. Kosowska, B. Bozdogan, L. M. Kelly, K. Smith, L. M. Ednie, G. Lin, K. L. Credito, C. L. Clark, P. McGhee, et al. Antipneumococcal Activities of Two Novel Macrolides, GW 773546 and GW 708408, Compared with Those of Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, and Telithromycin Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2004; 48(11): 4103 - 4112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kosowska, M. R. Jacobs, S. Bajaksouzian, L. Koeth, and P. C. Appelbaum Alterations of Penicillin-Binding Proteins 1A, 2X, and 2B in Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates for Which Amoxicillin MICs Are Higher than Penicillin MICs Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2004; 48(10): 4020 - 4022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Powis, A. McGeer, K. Green, O. Vanderkooi, K. Weiss, G. Zhanel, T. Mazzulli, M. Kuhn, D. Church, R. Davidson, et al. In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Obtained in Canada in 2002 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2004; 48(9): 3305 - 3311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. File Jr., H. Lode, H. Kurz, R. Kozak, H. Xie, and E. Berkowitz Double-Blind, Randomized Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Pharmacokinetically Enhanced Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (2,000/125 Milligrams) versus Those of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (875/125 Milligrams), Both Given Twice Daily for 7 Days, in Treatment of Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2004; 48(9): 3323 - 3331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Saeed-Kothe, W. Yang, and S. D. Mills Use of the Riboflavin Synthase Gene (ribC) as a Model for Development of an Essential Gene Disruption and Complementation System for Haemophilus influenzae Appl. Envir. Microbiol., July 1, 2004; 70(7): 4136 - 4143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Rendi-Wagner, A. Georgopoulos, M. Kundi, I. Mutz, M. Mattauch, J. Nowak, A. Mikolasek, A. Vecsei, and H. Kollaritsch Prospective surveillance of incidence, serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae among hospitalized children in Austria J. Antimicrob. Chemother., May 1, 2004; 53(5): 826 - 831. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media Pediatrics, May 1, 2004; 113(5): 1451 - 1465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Song, H.-H. Chang, J. Y. Suh, K. S. Ko, S.-I. Jung, W. S. Oh, K. R. Peck, N. Y. Lee, Y. Yang, A. Chongthaleong, et al. Macrolide resistance and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: a study of the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) J. Antimicrob. Chemother., March 1, 2004; 53(3): 457 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Morrissey and G. Tillotson Activity of gemifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae J. Antimicrob. Chemother., February 1, 2004; 53(2): 144 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Garau, M. Twynholm, E. Garcia-Mendez, B. Siquier, A. Rivero, and the 557 Clinical Study Group Oral pharmacokinetically enhanced co-amoxiclav 2000/125 mg, twice daily, compared with co-amoxiclav 875/125 mg, three times daily, in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in European adults J. Antimicrob. Chemother., November 1, 2003; 52(5): 826 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|