JAC Advance Access originally published online on December 11, 2007
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2008 61(2):273-281; doi:10.1093/jac/dkm464
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Original research |
Intercontinental emergence of Escherichia coli clone O25:H4-ST131 producing CTX-M-15
1 Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital AP-HP Beaujon, 92110 Clichy, France 2 Inserm, U-773, Faculté de Médecine D. Diderot, Université Paris 7, Paris, France 3 E. coli Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain 4 Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Complejo Hospitalario Xeral-Calde, Lugo, Spain 5 Antibiotic Resistance Unit, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal 6 Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Kangnam St Mary's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea 7 Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France 8 Calgary Laboratory Services and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 9 Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel: +33-1-40-87-56-06; Fax: +33-1-40-87-05-50; E-mail: mhn.chanoine{at}bjn.aphp.fr
Received 29 August 2007; returned 12 October 2007; revised 19 October 2007; accepted 6 November 2007
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Abstract |
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Background: Concomitant with the recent emergence of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), Escherichia coli has become the enterobacterial species most affected by ESBLs. Multiple locales are encountering CTX-M-positive E. coli, including specifically CTX-M-15. To gain insights into the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we assessed clonality and diversity of virulence profiles within an international collection of CTX-M-15-positive E. coli.
Methods: Forty-one ESBL-positive E. coli isolates from eight countries and three continents (Europe, Asia and North America) were selected for study based on suspected clonality. Phylogenetic group, ERIC2 PCR profile, O H serotype, AmpC variant and antibiotic susceptibility were determined. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and PFGE provided additional discrimination. Virulence potential was inferred by detection of 46 virulence factor (VF) genes.
Results: Thirty-six (88%) of the 41 E. coli isolates exhibited the same set of core characteristics: phylogenetic group B2, ERIC2 PCR profile 1, serotype O25:H4, AmpC EC6, ciprofloxacin resistance and MLST profile ST131. By PFGE, the 36 isolates constituted one large cluster at the 68% similarity level; this comprised 17 PFGE groups (defined at 85% similarity), some of which included strains from different countries. The 36 isolates exhibited highly (91% to 100%) similar VF profiles.
Conclusions: We describe a broadly disseminated, CTX-M-15-positive and virulent E. coli clonal group with highly homogeneous virulence genotypes and subgroups exhibiting highly similar PFGE profiles, suggesting recent emergence. Understanding how this clone has emerged and successfully disseminated within the hospital and community, including across national boundaries, should be a public health priority.
Keywords: enterobacteria , E. coli , multidrug resistance
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Introduction |
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Escherichia coli, a universal commensal of humans and several animal species, is also one of the most common enterobacterial species causing extraintestinal infections in these same hosts. E. coli infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat because of emerging antimicrobial resistance, most recently to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, which is usually due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs).1 The earliest ESBLs, which were first reported in 1985, consisted of plasmid-mediated TEM-1, TEM-2 and SHV-1 derivatives and were primarily a hospital-based problem.1 However, since 2000, ESBLs increasingly have also appeared in the community.2 This phenomenon coincided with the emergence of a new group of plasmid-mediated ESBLs, namely the CTX-M enzymes, which seem to be taking over as the main ESBL type in some locales.3,4
Multiple locales are encountering CTX-M-positive E. coli clinical isolates, including specifically CTX-M-15, which is one of the more than 60 variants described in this enzyme group and is able to efficiently hydrolyse not only cefotaxime but also ceftazidime.3–8 The widespread occurrence of CTX-M-15-positive E. coli could have two alternative explanations. That is, the corresponding plasmids or other mobile genetic elements surrounding the plasmid-mediated blaCTX-M-15 gene may be moving from strain to strain through the E. coli population.3,9 Alternatively, the strains themselves may be spreading in a clonal fashion, as has been described for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and certain clonal groups of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli (i.e. ‘clonal group A’ and E. coli O15:K52:H1).10–13
While some articles have reported on the similarity of CTX-M-15-encoding plasmids harboured by strains in different locations, in the present study, we focused on strain genetic background to assess the extent of clonality within a collection of international CTX-M-positive E. coli isolates that we suspected were clonally related to a group of French CTX-M-15 isolates of serogroup O25 previously studied in our laboratory.6,14,15 We also sought to assess these strains’ molecularly inferred virulence potential, a possible contributor (in addition to antimicrobial resistance) to their recent emergence and dissemination as successful pathogens.
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Materials and methods |
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Isolate collection
While we observed in France that CTX-M-15 was the most common CTX-M enzyme and that the great majority of epidemiologically unrelated, CTX-M-15-positive E. coli isolates displayed an identical genetic background, we also observed that different studies performed in different countries found CTX-M-15 as the most common CTX-M-type enzyme in E coli. These concomitant observations pushed us to see whether this worldwide outbreak of CTX-M-15-producing E. coli was due to the spread of a clonal strain as found in France. Therefore, a total of 41 recent human E. coli isolates that were known (n = 34) or presumed (n = 7) to produce CTX-M-15, from three continents (Europe, Asia and North America) and eight countries (France, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Lebanon, India, Korea and Canada) were studied. They were selected because they either were known to be clonal (the 13 French isolates) or, if from outside France, were suspected of being related to the French isolates based on CTX-M-15 production, the O25 antigen, the phylogenetic group B2 and/or ciprofloxacin resistance. Previously published isolates included those from Canada (n = 6), India (n = 2), Korea (n = 2), Lebanon (n = 4) and Portugal (n = 5).16–20 As indicated in Table 1, they included community-, hospital- and nursing-home-acquired isolates. Except for the Lebanese and two French strains that were digestive tract colonizers, the isolates were obtained from clinical samples: primarily urine but also blood, sputum, intra-abdominal pus and ascites (Table 1).
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Relevant characteristics of the isolates that were known prior to this study are italicized in Table 1. Notably, the French isolates [including a strain (TE1) previously reported as responsible for an outbreak in a long-term care facility] were previously shown to produce CTX-M-15 and to exhibit the same genomic PCR profile, O antigen (O25), chromosomal cephalosporinase variant (AmpC EC6) and ciprofloxacin phenotype (resistant).15,21
CTX-M-type β-lactamase genes were identified as previously described.21 Briefly, two sets of primers were used, allowing amplification and sequencing of any type of blaCTX-M gene (primer set 1) versus specific blaCTX-M variants (primer set 2). To determine an isolate's ampC variant, DNA amplification was done using primers VL1A (5'-TGCACGATCTGAAAATCCAC-3') and VL2A (5'-AGCAGGCGCATAAATGTTTC-3') under standard PCR conditions, with a Tm of 42°C, which yielded a fragment of 1398 bp. Direct sequencing of the PCR product was performed using these PCR primers and two additional primers, VL1S (5'-TATCTTCAATGGTCG-3') and VL2S (5'-TGCATGGGCTCCAGG-3'). The ampC nucleotide sequences and deduced protein sequences were analysed by using software available at the Biosupport web site (http://bioinfo.hku.hk/). These were then compared with those available in GenBank by using Blast sequence software (htpp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The new AmpC peptide sequences were named EC66 and EC68 and their corresponding genes were deposited in GenBank under accession numbers EF507686 and EF507687, respectively.
ERIC2 PCR profiles, which are strain-specific banding patterns obtained by amplifying multiple anonymous regions of the genome using repetitive element-based primers, were generated as previously described, with bacterial lysates used as template DNA.22 Profiles were defined as different when they exhibited at least one high intensity band difference according to visual inspection.
Determination of major E. coli phylogenetic group (A, B1, B2 and D) was done by multiplex PCR.23
The determination of O and H antigens was carried out by using the method previously described by Guinée et al.,24 in which all available O (O1–O185) and H (H1–H56) antisera were tested. All antisera were obtained and absorbed with the corresponding cross-reacting antigens to remove the non-specific agglutinins. The O25 antigen was also determined by a PCR-based method.25
Sequence type (ST) determination
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out as previously described.26 Gene amplification and sequencing were performed by using the primers specified at the E. coli MLST web site (http://web.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/mlst/dbs/Ecoli) except for mdh, icd and recA. Both the forward and reverse strands of mdh were sequenced using primers mdh SF: 5'-CCAGGCGCTTGCACTACTGTTAA-3' and mdh SR: 5'-GCGATATCTTTCTTCAGCGTATC-3', respectively, whereas the forward strand of icd and the reverse strand of recA were sequenced with the primers icd SF: 5'-CGGCAAACTCAACGTTCC-3' and recA SR: 5'-CTGACGCTGCAGGTGAT-3', respectively. Allelic profile and ST determinations were as per the E. coli MLST web site scheme.
XbaI PFGE analysis was performed as previously described.27 Profiles were compared digitally using BioNumerics software (Applied Maths). Cluster analysis of Dice similarity indices based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) was used to generate a dendrogram describing the relationships among PFGE profiles. Isolates were considered to belong to the same PFGE group if their Dice similarity index was 
85%.28
Forty-six extraintestinal virulence-associated genes were detected by multiplex PCR, as previously described.29 These included 16 adhesin-encoding genes (papAH, papC, papEF, papG and its 3 alleles, sfa/focDE, sfaS, focG, afa/draBC, afaE8, iha, bmaE, gafD, F17, clpG, fimH and hra), 8 toxin-encoding genes (hlyA, hlyF, cnf1, cdtB, sat, pic, tsh and astA) and 4 siderophore-related genes (iroN, fyuA, ireA and iutA). They also included 10 protectin/invasin-encoding genes (kpsM II, kpsMT III, the K1, K2, K5 and K15 kps variants, rfc, traT, ibeA and iss) and 7 pathogenicity island markers and miscellaneous genes (cvaC, usp, ompT, clbB, clbN, fliC H7 and malX). A UPGMA-based dendrogram was constructed depicting similarity relationships among the isolates according to composite virulence gene profiles.
Susceptibility to the following non-β-lactam molecules was determined by disc diffusion: ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole. Isolates were defined as resistant or susceptible according to the standards of the French Antibiogram Committee.30
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Results |
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The primary strain set comprised 13 epidemiologically diverse French E. coli isolates, all from the Paris area except one (strain MECB5, from the south of France). All were known to be characterized in terms of CTX-M-15 production, phylogenetic group B2, ERIC2 PCR profile 1, serogroup O25, AmpC variant 6 and ciprofloxacin resistance (Table 1). H antigen determined in this study was found to be H4.
These characteristics (when unknown) were newly assessed for 28 other ESBL-positive E. coli isolates from seven other countries, representing three continents. Twenty-three (82%) of these 28 isolates were found to be identical to the 13 French isolates with respect to all 6 core characteristics (CTX-M-15, group B2, ERIC2 PCR profile 1, serotype O25:H4, AmpC EC6 and ciprofloxacin resistance). These 23 isolates included 6 (86%) of 7 from Spain and 17 (81%) of 21 from the other six countries, including all 15 from Lebanon, Portugal and Canada, plus 1 each from Switzerland and Korea (Table 1).
In contrast, five of the isolates (both isolates from India, and one each from Spain, Switzerland and Korea) were found to exhibit non-1 ERIC profiles (Figure 1) and non-EC6 AmpC types, and proved to be mostly non-O25 and non-B2 (Table 1). Moreover, the Spanish isolate (FV7591) exhibited CTX-M-1 rather than CTX-M-15 (Table 1).
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These findings suggested that most (82%) of the non-French isolates, like the 13 French isolates, represented a geographically dispersed, group B2-derived, serotype O25:H4, AmpC variant EC 6 clonal group of E. coli, characterized by CTX-M-15 and ciprofloxacin resistance.
To more rigorously assess phylogenetic relationships within this collection, all 37 O25:H4 isolates (including the 36 CTX-M-15-positive isolates and the single CTX-M-1 isolate from Spain) underwent seven-locus MLST. Irrespective of geographical origin, the 36 CTX-M-15-positive O25:H4 isolates exhibited the same combination of alleles across the seven sequenced loci, corresponding to an established ST, ST131. In contrast, the Spanish CTX-M-1-positive O25:H4 isolate (phylogenetic group D, ERIC2 PCR profile 2, ciprofloxacin-susceptible) exhibited a novel combination of alleles and was assigned to a new ST, ST648. This confirmed the clonality and distinctness of the CTX-M-15 isolates.
Finer resolution of clonal relationships was obtained by PFGE analysis. Figure 2 shows PFGE analysis results for the 36 ST131 strains and the ST648 Spanish strain FV7591. The 36 ST131 strains constituted one large cluster (defined at the 68% similarity level), which was tied to the ‘outgroup’ strain FV7591 at <40% similarity. The ST131 cluster, in turn, comprised 17 separate PFGE groups, as defined at the 85% similarity level. These PFGE groups corresponded inconsistently with geographical origin. That is, the 13 French strains were classified into seven PFGE groups, the 6 Canadian strains into five groups, the 5 Portuguese strains into four groups and the 4 Lebanese strains into two groups. The six Spanish CTX-M-15-producing strains represented the only example of all isolates from a given country being classified into the same PFGE group. (Of note, the single Korean strain and the single Swiss strain were the sole representatives of their respective PFGE groups.) Likewise, multiple countries were represented within certain PFGE groups, including PFGE group I (France and Canada), group V (France, Canada and Portugal) and group XIII (France and Portugal). Nonetheless, frankly indistinguishable PFGE profiles were encountered only among strains from the same country, including two strains each from France (VB6 and HBS1), Lebanon (AH15 and AH10) and Spain (FV7569 and FV7595).
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Virulence profiles
Extended virulence profiles were determined for the 36 ST131 isolates to assess the extent of within-group diversity and the virulence potential of the clonal group. Of the 46 virulence genes tested, 16 (35%) were detected in at least 1 isolate each. Isolates contained from 7 to 14 genes each (Table 2). Five different virulence genes were uniformly present in all 36 isolates, including fimH (type I fimbriae), sat (secreted auto-transporter toxin), fyuA (yersiniabactin receptor), usp (uropathogenic specific protein) and malX (pathogenicity island marker) (Table 2). Four other genes were present in >90% of the isolates, including iha (adhesin-siderophore receptor: 91%), kpsM II (group 2 capsule synthesis: 94%), iutA (aerobactin receptor: 97%) and ompT (outer membrane protease T: 97%) (Table 2), with the K5 and K2 kpsM II variants being detected in 53% and 39% of the isolates, respectively. Intermediate prevalence virulence genes included traT (serum resistance associated: 75%) and afa/draBC (afimbrial Dr-binding adhesins: 22%). In contrast, three genes occurred in <12% of strains each, typically together. These included hlyF (haemolysin F: 8%), iss (increased serum survival: 8%) and iroN (siderophore receptor: 11%) (Table 2).
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Overall, virulence profile similarity among the 36 isolates was high, ranging from 91% to 100% (Figure 3). Only eight isolates exhibited a unique virulence profile. Indeed, 14 isolates (from Canada, France, Portugal, Korea and Switzerland) had an identical 11-gene virulence profile and four other groups of 2–6 strains each exhibited uniform VF profiles (Figure 3 and Table 2). Although some geographical segregation of virulence profiles was evident, virulence profiles corresponded inconsistently with PFGE type or locale (Figure 3), suggesting ongoing evolution of virulence genotypes.
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Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
To assess the multidrug resistance of the 36 ST131 isolates, susceptibility to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was tested (Table 1). Eighty-three per cent of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 77% to amikacin, 53% to co-trimoxazole and 50% to gentamicin, but only 0.3% to chloramphenicol.
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Discussion |
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Our findings provide novel evidence of a recently emerged, broadly disseminated, CTX-M-15-positive E. coli clonal group as a cause of multidrug-resistant extraintestinal infections on at least three continents. This lineage exhibits a fairly robust virulence gene profile, implying substantial extraintestinal pathogenic potential. In most study locales, it accounted for a large proportion of ESBL-positive E. coli that were CTX-M-15 and/or O25-positive. The emergence of a new multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogen that may be spreading rapidly through the population while continuing to evolve appears to pose a significant public health threat in need of urgent attention.
The clonality of the ST131 strains is evident from their homogeneity with respect to phylogenetic group, seven-gene MLST allele combination and ERIC2 PCR profile. Clonality is further supported by the isolates’ uniform serotype (O25:H4), β-lactamase repertoire (CTX-M-15 and AmpC EC6) and ciprofloxacin phenotype, and their >90% similar virulence gene profiles. Furthermore, the considerable similarity of PFGE profiles observed among certain isolates indicates quite recent divergence from a common ancestor, whereas the occurrence in different locales of isolates with similar PFGE profiles suggests recent or ongoing transmission.
The virulence of the O25:H4-ST131 isolates can be inferred from two lines of evidence. First, most isolates were from samples submitted to clinical microbiology laboratories from inpatients and outpatients, so likely caused extraintestinal infections; this certainly was true for the blood and ascites isolates. Second, the number and types of virulence genes present in these strains (7–14 per isolate; coding for adhesins, siderophores, toxins, protectins and pathogenicity island markers) imply a robust virulence capability.29,31 Although these virulence profiles are not so extensive as those of typical antimicrobial-susceptible pathogenic E. coli from phylogenetic group B2, they nonetheless are more extensive than is usually observed among fluoroquinolone- or extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, including human clinical isolates.32 Thus, these strains appear to pose the double threat of multidrug resistance (including to first-line therapeutic agents for Gram-negative infections) and substantial extraintestinal virulence capability. This makes their emergence and dissemination particularly concerning and suggests a need to identify their origins, reservoirs and transmission pathways so that appropriate interventions can be implemented. Better definition of the extent of this problem is needed, to clarify how great a public health threat these strains actually pose, so that resources can be allocated accordingly.
Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes by spread of the particular clone(s) in which they reside differs from the established paradigm for the emergence of ESBLs, which involves transfer of resistance-encoding plasmids rather than the host bacteria per se.9 However, clonal dispersal of drug-resistant pathogens has precedent in other species, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.11,12 It also has been documented in E. coli, as exemplified by the localized outbreaks and international dissemination observed with multidrug-resistant clonal groups such as (group D-derived) ‘clonal group A’ and serotype O15:K52:H1, including the recent detection of clonal group A isolates in wastewater effluents from geographically dispersed areas of the United States.10,13,33 The present CTX-M-15-positive E. coli clonal group was previously shown to have caused what appeared to be localized outbreaks involving specific healthcare institutions (France) or geographical regions (Calgary).20,21 Our findings suggest that some of these seemingly isolated occurrences are actually linked, a principle that may apply broadly to drug-resistant extraintestinal infections. From this point of view, it would be relevant to determine whether the serogroup O25, CTX-M-15-positive E. coli previously published, notably in the UK, and not included in this study also belong to clone ST131.34 Recognition that geographically distant infection episodes may be caused by the same bacterial clone, arising from a common source, is the basis for the CDC's PulseNet surveillance system.35 Whereas that system focuses mainly on diarrhoeal pathogens, a similar system may be needed for extraintestinal infections.
In summary, we have characterized a broadly disseminated, CTX-M-15-positive, multidrug-resistant, virulent E. coli clonal group with highly homogeneous virulence genotypes and subgroups exhibiting highly similar PFGE profiles, suggesting recent emergence. Understanding how this clone has emerged and successfully disseminated within the hospital and community, including across national boundaries, should be a public health priority.
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This study was supported by a grant (AOR 04016) from La Direction de le Recherche Clinique de l'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-H. N.-C.), a grant (PI052023-PI051481) from Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (FIS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (J. B.) and Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs (J. R. J.).
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Transparency declarations |
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All of the authors except one have none to declare. J. R. J. is a consultant for the following companies: Bayer, Ortho-McNeil, Merck, Wyeth-Ayerst, and Procter and Gamble.
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Acknowledgements |
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We are indebted to Professor Patrice Nordmann, Professor Guillaume Arlet and Dr Florence Doucet-Populaire for providing us with the Indian and Swiss strains, strain TNN (TE2) and the Lebanese strains, respectively. We also are grateful to Dr Azucena Mora, Dr Jesus Blanco, Dr Miguel Blanco, Mrs Ghizlane Dahbi and Mrs Cecilia Lopez for their contribution to this study.
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References |
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  H. E. Sidjabat, D. L. Paterson, J. M. Adams-Haduch, L. Ewan, A. W. Pasculle, C. A. Muto, G.-B. Tian, and Y. Doi Molecular Epidemiology of CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates at a Tertiary Medical Center in Western Pennsylvania Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2009; 53(11): 4733 - 4739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. R. Johnson, S. Miller, B. Johnston, C. Clabots, and C. DebRoy Sharing of Escherichia coli Sequence Type ST131 and Other Multidrug-Resistant and Urovirulent E. coli Strains among Dogs and Cats within a Household J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2009; 47(11): 3721 - 3725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. T. Ender, D. Gajanana, B. Johnston, C. Clabots, F. J. Tamarkin, and J. R. Johnson Transmission of an Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli (Sequence Type ST131) Strain between a Father and Daughter Resulting in Septic Shock and Emphysematous Pyelonephritis J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2009; 47(11): 3780 - 3782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Coelho, B. Mirelis, C. Alonso-Tarres, M. N. Larrosa, E. Miro, R. C. Abad, R. M. Bartolome, M. Castaner, G. Prats, J. R. Johnson, et al. Detection of three stable genetic clones of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain J. Antimicrob. Chemother., October 1, 2009; 64(4): 862 - 864. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Oteo, B. Orden, V. Bautista, O. Cuevas, M. Arroyo, R. Martinez-Ruiz, M. Perez-Vazquez, M. Alcaraz, S. Garcia-Cobos, and J. Campos CTX-M-15-producing urinary Escherichia coli O25b-ST131-phylogroup B2 has acquired resistance to fosfomycin J. Antimicrob. Chemother., October 1, 2009; 64(4): 712 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Woodford, A. Carattoli, E. Karisik, A. Underwood, M. J. Ellington, and D. M. Livermore Complete Nucleotide Sequences of Plasmids pEK204, pEK499, and pEK516, Encoding CTX-M Enzymes in Three Major Escherichia coli Lineages from the United Kingdom, All Belonging to the International O25:H4-ST131 Clone Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., October 1, 2009; 53(10): 4472 - 4482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hrabak, J. Empel, T. Bergerova, K. Fajfrlik, P. Urbaskova, I. Kern-Zdanowicz, W. Hryniewicz, and M. Gniadkowski International Clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with Extended-Spectrum {beta}-Lactamases in a Czech Hospital J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 2009; 47(10): 3353 - 3357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Hawkey and A. M. Jones The changing epidemiology of resistance J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2009; 64(suppl_1): i3 - i10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Livermore Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2009; 64(suppl_1): i29 - i36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Clermont, H. Dhanji, M. Upton, T. Gibreel, A. Fox, D. Boyd, M. R. Mulvey, P. Nordmann, E. Ruppe, J. L. Sarthou, et al. Rapid detection of the O25b-ST131 clone of Escherichia coli encompassing the CTX-M-15-producing strains J. Antimicrob. Chemother., August 1, 2009; 64(2): 274 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. D. Pitout, D. B. Gregson, L. Campbell, and K. B. Laupland Molecular Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum-{beta}-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates Causing Bacteremia in the Calgary Health Region from 2000 to 2007: Emergence of Clone ST131 as a Cause of Community-Acquired Infections Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2009; 53(7): 2846 - 2851. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Johnson, M. Menard, B. Johnston, M. A. Kuskowski, K. Nichol, and G. G. Zhanel Epidemic Clonal Groups of Escherichia coli as a Cause of Antimicrobial-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Canada, 2002 to 2004 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2009; 53(7): 2733 - 2739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Guillouzouic, N. Caroff, S. Dauvergne, D. Lepelletier, A. Perrin Guyomard, I. Kempf, A. Reynaud, and S. Corvec MLST typing of Escherichia coli isolates overproducing AmpC {beta}-lactamase J. Antimicrob. Chemother., June 1, 2009; 63(6): 1290 - 1292. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Arpin, C. Quentin, F. Grobost, E. Cambau, J. Robert, V. Dubois, L. Coulange, C. Andre, and on behalf of the Scientific Committee of ONERBA Nationwide survey of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the French community setting J. Antimicrob. Chemother., June 1, 2009; 63(6): 1205 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. D. Pitout, L. Campbell, D. L. Church, D. B. Gregson, and K. B. Laupland Molecular Characteristics of Travel-Related Extended-Spectrum-{beta}-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from the Calgary Health Region Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2009; 53(6): 2539 - 2543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Rodriguez-Bano, J. Alcala, J. M. Cisneros, F. Grill, A. Oliver, J. P. Horcajada, T. Tortola, B. Mirelis, G. Navarro, M. Cuenca, et al. Escherichia coli producing SHV-type extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase is a significant cause of community-acquired infection J. Antimicrob. Chemother., April 1, 2009; 63(4): 781 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. D. Pitout, L. Campbell, D. L. Church, P. W. Wang, D. S. Guttman, and D. B. Gregson Using a Commercial DiversiLab Semiautomated Repetitive Sequence-Based PCR Typing Technique for Identification of Escherichia coli Clone ST131 Producing CTX-M-15 J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2009; 47(4): 1212 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. H. Jones, M. Tuckman, D. Keeney, A. Ruzin, and P. A. Bradford Characterization and Sequence Analysis of Extended-Spectrum-{beta}-Lactamase-Encoding Genes from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis Isolates Collected during Tigecycline Phase 3 Clinical Trials Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2009; 53(2): 465 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Suzuki, N. Shibata, K. Yamane, J.-i. Wachino, K. Ito, and Y. Arakawa Change in the prevalence of extended-spectrum-{beta}-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Japan by clonal spread J. Antimicrob. Chemother., January 1, 2009; 63(1): 72 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Ll. Jones, R. E. Warren, S. J. Skidmore, V. A. Davies, T. Gibreel, and M. Upton Prevalence and distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli lacking extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamases J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2008; 62(6): 1245 - 1251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Leflon-Guibout, J. Blanco, K. Amaqdouf, A. Mora, L. Guize, and M.-H. Nicolas-Chanoine Absence of CTX-M Enzymes but High Prevalence of Clones, Including Clone ST131, among Fecal Escherichia coli Isolates from Healthy Subjects Living in the Area of Paris, France J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2008; 46(12): 3900 - 3905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Rodriguez-Bano, L. Lopez-Cerero, M. D. Navarro, P. D. de Alba, and A. Pascual Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology J. Antimicrob. Chemother., November 1, 2008; 62(5): 1142 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Yumuk, G. Afacan, M.-H. Nicolas-Chanoine, A. Sotto, and J.-P. Lavigne Turkey: a further country concerned by community-acquired Escherichia coli clone O25-ST131 producing CTX-M-15 J. Antimicrob. Chemother., August 1, 2008; 62(2): 284 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Cagnacci, L. Gualco, E. Debbia, G. C. Schito, and A. Marchese European Emergence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli Clonal Groups O25:H4-ST 131 and O15:K52:H1 Causing Community-Acquired Uncomplicated Cystitis J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2008; 46(8): 2605 - 2612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Vinue, M. Lantero, Y. Saenz, S. Somalo, I. de Diego, F. Perez, F. Ruiz-Larrea, M. Zarazaga, and C. Torres Characterization of extended-spectrum {beta}-lactamases and integrons in Escherichia coli isolates in a Spanish hospital J. Med. Microbiol., July 1, 2008; 57(7): 916 - 920. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Muzaheed, Y. Doi, J. M. Adams-Haduch, A. Endimiani, H. E. Sidjabat, S. M. Gaddad, and D. L. Paterson High prevalence of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae among inpatients and outpatients with urinary tract infection in Southern India J. Antimicrob. Chemother., June 1, 2008; 61(6): 1393 - 1394. [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Clermont, M. Lavollay, S. Vimont, C. Deschamps, C. Forestier, C. Branger, E. Denamur, and G. Arlet The CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli diffusing clone belongs to a highly virulent B2 phylogenetic subgroup J. Antimicrob. Chemother., May 1, 2008; 61(5): 1024 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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