JAC Advance Access originally published online on September 11, 2007
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007 60(5):913-920; doi:10.1093/jac/dkm318
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Systematic reviews |
Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum ß-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
1 Division of Epidemiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel: +972-52-4266800; Fax: +972-3-6973256; E-mail: mitchells{at}tasmc.health.gov.il
Received 28 February 2007; returned 21 April 2007; revised 22 July 2007; accepted 31 July 2007
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Abstract |
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Objectives: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the impact of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) production on mortality and delay in effective therapy in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia.
Methods: We searched the PubMed database using the terms ‘bacteremia or bloodstream’ and ‘ESBL or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase’. Included studies contained numbers of and mortality figures for patients with bacteraemia caused by ESBL producers and non-producers. Data extracted included crude relative risk (RR), adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality and delayed effective therapy. Results were pooled using a random effects model.
Results: Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of crude RRs demonstrated significantly increased mortality in ESBL-associated bacteraemia (pooled RR 1.85, 95% CI 1.39–2.47, P < 0.001). However, only one study reported RR controlled for confounding. Ten studies reported comparative data on delay in effective therapy. Meta-analysis of crude RRs demonstrated significantly increased incidence of delay in effective therapy in ESBL-associated bacteraemia (pooled RR 5.56, 95% CI 2.94–10.51, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: In Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia, ESBL production is associated with increased mortality and delay in effective therapy. However, lack of controlled studies limits interpretation regarding causality, and further controlled studies are required.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance , Gram-negative , outcomes , bloodstream infection
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Introduction |
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Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacilli from the family Enterobacteriaceae are increasingly identified as pathogens, having become endemic in many healthcare settings, and recently reported in community-acquired infections as well.1–3 Initially reported in outbreaks of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, these enzymes have been isolated from a variety of Enterobacteriaceae4 and were found to cause
7% of infections in hospital settings in the 1990s.5 In 2003, over 20% of pathogenic K. pneumoniae isolates in US intensive care units were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.5 Moreover, ESBL presence in Enterobacteriaceae has been associated with high proportions of resistance to non-ß-lactam classes of antibiotics as well.6 While the impact of antimicrobial resistance on patient outcomes has been studied extensively for a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens,7–9 data on the specific impact of ESBL production on outcomes in Enterobacteriaceae infection are much more scarce.10,11 We recently compared outcomes of ESBL-associated versus non-ESBL-associated Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia at our institution, and found ESBL production to be an independent predictor of mortality, length of stay, delay in institution of appropriate therapy and cost.12
In the present analysis, we have attempted to provide an accurate summary of the existing published evidence regarding the association of ESBL production, delay in effective therapy and mortality in patients with bacteraemia. We also aimed to examine the published evidence for causality, by analysing the data from controlled studies. The question of whether ESBL production, either directly, or indirectly by leading to inappropriate therapy, is responsible for adverse outcomes is important for a number of reasons. Confirmation of ESBL presence by the clinical microbiology laboratory remains expensive and labour-intensive and is no longer mandatory per European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines.13 Treatment options for ESBL-associated infection are limited and often withheld from empirical use. Extensive infection control resources are required to contain ESBL spread, which is generally plasmid-mediated. The extent of healthcare resources that should be dedicated to detection, treatment and control of ESBL-associated pathogens is therefore a particularly relevant topic to care providers and administrators alike.
The published literature on outcomes of ESBL infections is sparse, and without consistent conclusions. To summarize the outcomes associated with ESBLs in the published literature and to understand differences between study results, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine whether ESBL production is associated with increased mortality and delay in appropriate therapy in patients with Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia.
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Methods |
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A literature search was performed using the PubMed database through to 30 April 2006, to identify studies comparing mortality of ESBL- and non-ESBL-associated Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia. The search strategy used the terms ‘bacteremia or bloodstream’ and ‘ESBL or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase’. No language restrictions were applied.
Only published articles were included. Abstracts of selected studies were reviewed based on inclusion criteria established by the authors prior to the literature search. Studies were considered for inclusion if they reported on mortality of ESBL-associated Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection. Studies that provided comparative mortality data for ESBL-associated and non-ESBL-associated bacteraemia were included in the meta-analysis. Both authors participated in the data extraction from each study included.
Data collected included the location and years of the study, the age range of the population studied, the number of patients with ESBL bacteraemia included and the number who died, the number of patients with non-ESBL bacteraemia included and the number who died, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality associated with ESBL production in studies in which multivariable modelling was performed, and the percentage of patients in each cohort for whom there was a delay in institution of effective therapy. When mortality was recorded at more than one point in the follow-up period, the latest reported mortality figures were used.
Statistical analyses were performed using Stata software, version 7 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). As all included studies were cohort studies, the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI for mortality associated with ESBL production in each study were calculated using the crude numbers reported. Subgroup meta-analyses were also performed comparing geographical and age variation, i.e. the pooled mortality results for the Asian studies were compared with those of the non-Asian studies, and the results of the studies in exclusively paediatric populations were compared with those of the remaining studies. Finally, an additional meta-analysis of studies reporting on delay in effective therapy was conducted to determine whether there is an association between ESBL production and delay.
The Q statistic was used to test for heterogeneity among the study results, with P < 0.1 denoting significant heterogeneity. The DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was then used to obtain a pooled estimate of the RR and 95% CI.14 Publication bias was assessed via funnel plot and Begg's test.15,16
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Results |
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The search yielded 111 studies, all of which were reviewed. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria.12,17–31 The crude RR for mortality was calculated for each of these studies. Of the 16 studies included in the meta-analysis, only one reported an OR for mortality after adjustment by multivariable analysis. The meta-analysis therefore assessed only the pooled unadjusted RR for mortality.
The studies were conducted during the years 1996–2003 and involved centres from 11 countries, spanning 5 continents (6 from Asia, only 1 from the US). All centres were large, acute care hospitals. Four studies included paediatric patients exclusively. The organisms studied were primarily K. pneumoniae and E. coli, though two studies included Proteus spp., one study included salmonellae and one study included a number of species of Enterobacteriaceae. Data collected from the studies are summarized in Table 1, with outcomes summarized in Table 2.
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Meta-analysis of crude RRs demonstrated significantly increased mortality in ESBL-associated bacteraemia (pooled RR 1.85, 95% CI 1.39–2.47, P < 0.001). The individual and pooled crude RRs and CIs for the included studies as yielded by the random effects model are summarized in Figure 1. Significant heterogeneity was present among the study results (P = 0.001). Publication bias was not found (P = 0.45).
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Comparison of the pooled crude RR in the 6 Asian studies with that of the 10 non-Asian studies revealed similar results (1.61 versus 2.00, respectively). Comparison of the pooled crude RR in the 4 studies conducted in exclusively paediatric populations with that of the 12 studies conducted in either adult or mixed populations also revealed similar results (2.19 versus 1.74, respectively).
Ten of the included studies provided comparative data on delay in effective therapy (Tables 1 and 2). Meta-analysis of the relationship between ESBL presence and delay in effective therapy for the studies reporting data on delay revealed a significant association between ESBL production and delay (pooled crude RR 5.56, 95% CI 2.94–10.51, P < 0.001). The individual and pooled crude RRs and CIs for the included studies as yielded by the random effects model are summarized in Figure 2. Here too, significant heterogeneity was present (P < 0.001).
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Discussion |
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It is not universally accepted that ESBL production per se is responsible for adverse outcomes in invasive infection. In fact, roughly half of the studies included in our meta-analysis did not yield a significantly increased RR for mortality associated with ESBL presence. Our study therefore provides important information, in demonstrating an almost 2-fold increase in mortality associated with ESBL production among patients with Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection. We could not prove that this increased mortality is directly attributable to ESBL production, as almost all existing studies do not provide adjusted results. Nevertheless, our finding of a >5-fold increase in the proportion of patients with delayed institution of effective therapy in the ESBL group does support a causal association between ESBL production and mortality.
The lack of consensus regarding the effect of ESBLs on mortality in the literature to date is likely due in large part to small sample sizes and a resultant lack of sufficient statistical power to demonstrate an effect. Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia in hospitalized patients, even with susceptible pathogens, is not benign, as demonstrated by the pooled crude mortality of 20% among the non-ESBL patients in the studies we included. If we take this proportion as the expected mortality among patients with non-ESBL bacteraemia and 34% as the expected mortality among those with ESBL bacteraemia (as we found), the sample size required to detect a significant association in a single study would be 342 (171 ESBL patients and 171 non-ESBL patients), assuming 80% power, an 
level of 5% and a ratio of 1:1 between patient groups. As many of the included studies had much smaller sample sizes, it is therefore not surprising that while only about half of the studies showed a significant association between ESBL presence and mortality, combining the results by meta-analysis showed this association to be statistically significant.
There are a number of plausible explanations for the increased mortality observed with ESBL bacteraemia. Delay in institution of effective therapy may play a role in mortality. Our meta-analysis demonstrates a strong association between ESBL production and such a delay. Delay in appropriate therapy has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for mortality in serious infections.32,33 Moreover, not all apparently appropriate therapies are equally effective versus ESBL producers, and variability in outcomes has been noted even according to the class of agent used, with carbapenems the most reliable class for treatment of ESBL infections.34,35
An additional factor that may influence outcome in ESBL bacteraemia is enhanced virulence among ESBL-producing pathogens compared with non-ESBL producers. One virulence mechanism shown to be present preferentially in ESBL producers is serum resistance.36,37 This, as well as other not-yet-elucidated virulence factors, may play a part in the deleterious outcomes associated with ESBL bloodstream infection.
Our study is limited by the fact that the available literature does not permit a meta-analysis of adjusted mortality associated with ESBL infection, as only 1 of the 16 included studies reported results of a multivariable analysis of this outcome.12 Thus, we can draw conclusions only on crude mortality and not on attributable mortality, or causality. In addition, other adverse outcomes not explored in our analysis have been linked with ESBL infection, including increased length of hospital stay and increased costs.12 Our meta-analysis highlights the deficiencies of the existing literature, i.e. lack of adjusted outcomes analyses calculating the fraction of adverse outcomes attributable to ESBL production. Additional published studies regarding these outcomes, as well as further multivariable analyses of mortality and delayed effective therapy, will permit future meta-analyses to provide a more complete picture regarding the extent of the effect of ESBLs on patient outcomes. Moreover, additional studies will be required in order to distinguish differences in outcome generated by heterogeneity in such factors as study population, type of infection, ICU stay, treatment regimens, and species and type of ESBL causing infection.
The dearth of these studies, however, should provide no grounds for complacency regarding the seriousness of ESBL infection. The picture that is emerging from the small but growing body of literature regarding ESBL outcomes is one of adverse consequences associated with ESBL infection. The present study reinforces this picture by demonstrating that the pooled data currently available in the world literature is consistent with an increased risk of death and of delay in effective therapy associated with ESBL bacteraemia. As we await further studies to expand our knowledge in this area, we would be well advised to invest the resources necessary to control and reduce the burden of ESBLs in the hospital setting, as well as to develop diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to ensure timely and effective treatment for infections caused by ESBL-producing pathogens.
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This study was funded by a grant from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation. The Foundation had no role in the design or conduct of any aspect of the study.
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M. J. S.—none to declare; Y. C.—during the last 4 years, I, my laboratory and studies that I have conducted, have received grants, honoraria, travel support, consulting fees and other forms of financial support from the following companies: Bayer Corp., Bioline Therapeutics, Bristol–Myers Squibb, Merck & Co. Inc., Neopharm Ltd, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Teva Ltd, Vicuron Pharmaceuticals, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and XTL Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
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Acknowledgements |
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Presented in part at the Forty-sixth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2006.
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