JAC Advance Access originally published online on February 5, 2007
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007 59(4):819-820; doi:10.1093/jac/dkl546
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Correspondence |
Improving antimicrobial prescribing through knowledge and skills
Infectious Diseases Department, Level 4, East Block Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
* Corresponding author. Tel: +44-1382-496459; Fax: +44-1382-632601; E-mail: dilip.nathwani{at}nhs.net
Keywords: antibiotics , education , initiatives
In their recent qualitative study of factors influencing antimicrobial prescribing by non-consultant hospital doctors De Souza et al.1 found that undergraduate education, hospital guidelines and concerns about emerging resistance were minor influences on prescribing practice. Prescribing was more influenced by instruction passed down through a hierarchical system and subsequently on personal experience.1 This will lead to poor adherence to local guidelines and inevitably poor prescribing. Poor prescribing by new UK graduates, often due to a lack of an integrated scientific and clinical knowledge base,2 and the lack of practical prescribing instruction for undergraduates are well-recognized problems.1 Clinician education has been found to be the most effective workplace intervention on improving antibiotic selection in a recent systematic review.3 One apparent barrier to appropriate antimicrobial prescribing is the lack of awareness among senior and training grade clinicians of the local and national resources available to support decision making, including local hospital protocols.3,4 Prescribing guidelines appear to be ineffective unless accompanied by educational or financial incentives.2 Whilst in NHS hospitals it is unlikely that we will be able to meaningfully financially reward individuals or even clinical groups it would seem that optimizing prescribing through improving knowledge and clinical skills may be a more pragmatic approach.
At Ninewells Hospital and Medical School in Dundee a concerted and multi-disciplinary effort has been made over recent years to promote and improve prudent antimicrobial prescribing through greater engagement in the undergraduate medical school curriculum and continuing postgraduate educational meetings. Pro-active promotion of local good practice guidance through a variety of educational activities is one such example. Audits of knowledge and behaviour regarding sepsis and antimicrobial therapy among training-grade doctors showed promising improvements between 1999 and 2003 as a result of these initiatives.4 However, these evaluations and those of others5 have highlighted the need for clinically focussed and sustainable national learning tools that address the technical and non-technical knowledge and skills of the antimicrobial prescriber.
An outcomes based web-based program (Appropriate Antimicrobial Prescribing for Tomorrows Doctors: APT)5 for teaching and reflective learning of antimicrobial prescribing has recently been developed by infection specialists and medical educationalists and has been adopted by medical schools throughout the UK. The primary resource for the APT project is an interactive website (http://www.dundee.ac.uk/facmedden/APT/index.htm) with access to clinical worked examples, prescribing exercises, self-assessment tools and a reflective learning logbook. Although the emphasis is on prudent prescribing of antibiotic therapy the principles learned through APT can be applied to all areas of prescribing. In our medical school this forms an integral part of clinical infection teaching in the fourth year that also includes recognition, diagnosis and management of common infections, infection control and health protection aspects of infection. This teaching is delivered by infectious disease physicians, microbiologists, infection control nurses, pharmacists and public health clinicians. Evaluation of this program through student and staff feedback has revealed very positive results and we are presently evaluating student knowledge through a series of short exams at the beginning and end of each attachment, and at the end of the year.
In line with national Scottish Recommendations for improving antimicrobial prescribing practice in Scotland6 the APT work has been further adapted for providing mandatory online e-based training and assessment for foundation doctors in Scotland through the Doctors Online Training System (DOTS) developed by NHS Education Scotland (NES) (https://www.nhsdots.org/nhsdots/dotsx/login.asp). This site is password protected and linked to the NES Healthcare Acquired Infection portal (http://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/hai/). At any given time there are more than 1600 foundation doctors in Scotland who will have to undertake this mandatory exercise and show evidence of satisfactory completion of this module. This program, through clinical vignettes, revises, evaluates and then reinforces the principles and practices taught at undergraduate level for foundation doctors. An extension and probable further adaptation of this program is proposed for more senior training and non-training grade doctors and ultimately non-medical prescribers. Any persons outside Scotland interested in this work should please contact dilip.nathwani{at}nhs.net. Ongoing evaluation of this program will inform its further development and impact.
None to declare.
References
1
De Souza V, MacFarlane A, Murphy AW, et al. (2006) A qualitative study of factors influencing antimicrobial prescribing by non-consultant hospital doctors. J Antimicrob Chemother 58:840–3.
2 Aronson JK. (2006) A prescription for better prescribing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 61:478–91.
3 Steinman MA, Ranji SR, Shojania KG, et al. (2006) Improving antibiotic selection: a systematic review and quantitative analysis of quality improvement strategies. Med Care 44:617–28.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
4
Ziglam HM, Morales D, Webb K, et al. (2006) Knowledge about sepsis among training-grade doctors. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:963–5.
5
Davenport LA, Davey PG, Ker JS. (2005) An outcome-based approach for teaching prudent antimicrobial prescribing to undergraduate medical students: report of a Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:196–203.
6
Nathwani D. (2006) Antimicrobial prescribing policy and practice in Scotland: recommendations for good antimicrobial practice in acute hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:1189–96.
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