JAC Advance Access originally published online on February 8, 2007
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2007 59(4):799-800; doi:10.1093/jac/dkl532
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Correspondence |
Comment on: Occurrence, prevalence and genetic environment of CTX-M ß-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae from Indian hospitals
1 Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK 2 JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, IA 52317, USA
* Corresponding author. E-mail: WalshTR{at}Cardiff.ac.uk
Keywords: India , ESBLs , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella spp.
We read with interest the recent publication by Ensor et al.1 and concur with their concerns regarding the high frequency of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) genotypes in India. However, in 2002 The Indian Antimicrobial Resistance Study Group published their findings on broad-spectrum ß-lactam resistance and ESBL phenotypes in Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella spp. The isolates were part of the MYSTIC Programme and were collected prior to 2000; at least 3 years before the aforementioned study. This study consisted of non-duplicate samples from 10 different Indian sites in six cities (New Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Lucknow, Bangalore and Vellore).2,3 From our initial phenotypic screening, 65/71 (92%) Escherichia coli and 46/48 (96%) Klebsiella spp. were confirmed as being ESBL producers. These isolates were subjected to detailed ESBL genotyping the findings from which were presented in 2003.4
We screened a subset of these isolates (23 E. coli and 24 Klebsiella spp.) for known ESBL genes including CTX-M by PCR analysis using custom-designed primers and the PCR products were sequenced and analysed as previously reported.5 Results from the molecular screen are shown in Table 1. In contrast to Ensor et al., we screened numerous ESBL genotypes although sequence analysis on the TEM- and SHV-positive amplicons indicated that these were not responsible for the ESBL phenotype (Table 1). Surprisingly, 83% of the E. coli and 75% of the Klebsiella spp. examined produced CTX-M-15 and no other type of CTX-M enzyme, or for that matter any other ESBL. These findings are similar to the recent report1 that found 73% and 72% for E. coli and Klebsiella spp., respectively. The blaCTX-M-15 genes were distributed evenly among the isolates from the 10 Indian medical centres. Karim et al.5 first reported the CTX-M-15 genotype from India in six Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated in 2000 and our data indicates that the blaCTX-M-15 genotype was widespread in India during this period and prior to the study of Ensor et al.1 Furthermore, these Enterobacteriaceae commonly carry multiple ß-lactamases including CTX-M-15 with CMY-series enzymes.4
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These isolates were subsequently examined to investigate the genetic context of blaCTX-M-15. Custom primers were designed for ISEcp1 and IS26 and the strains analysed by PCR.6 All strains possessing the CTX-M-15 genotype possessed ISEcp1 5' to blaCTX-M-15 with the established 48 bp inverted repeat (IR) region between blaCTX-M-15 and ISEcp1. None of the isolates was positive for IS26, concurring with the finding of Karim et al.5 but in contrast to the finding reported by Ensor et al.1 Therefore, it is possible that although blaCTX-M-15 was widely established in India before 2000, the IS26 element had not yet inserted within ISEcp1 (tnpA), and that this is a later event. Ensor and colleagues identified three IS26 insertion sites and have postulated that such an insertion into ISEcp1 traps the ESBL gene thus preventing it from escaping the gene pool.1 Our data also indicated that blaCTX-M-15 is always associated with a large (>100 kb) plasmid, and similarly to those reported by Ensor et al.1 the isolates often were ciprofloxacin-resistant and also refractory to several aminoglycosides (data not shown).
The data from our studies indicate that the gene pool for blaCTX-M-15 was firmly established in India before 2000, and moreover, was widely distributed throughout that nation. The recent findings1 indicate that whilst the level of CTX-M-15-positive strains has not generally increased since the earlier sampled period, the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-15 has changed through the insertion of IS26 although the consequences of these events remain uncertain.
We have not received any personal financial payments from any external body that is relevant to the body of information contained within this article.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the following scientists for their contributions to these studies: D. M. C. Bennett, D. Mathai, D. J. Biedenbach, L. M. Deshpande and P. R. Rhomberg.
References
1
Ensor VM, Shahid M, Evans JT, et al. (2006) Occurrence, prevalence and genetic environment of CTX-M ß-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae from Indian hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 58:1260–3.
2 Mathai D and Rhomberg PR, et al. The India Antimicrobial Resistance Study Group. (2002) Evaluation of the in vitro activity of six broad-spectrum ß-lactam antimicrobial agents tested against recent clinical isolates from India: a survey of ten medical center laboratories. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 44:367–77.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
3 Jones RN, Rhomberg PR, Varnam DJ, et al. (2002) A comparison of the antimicrobial activity of meropenem and selected broad-spectrum antimicrobials tested against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli including bacteraemic Salmonella spp: initial studies for the MYSTIC programme in India. Int J Antimicrob Agents 20:426–31.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
4 Toleman MA, Beidenbach D, Jones RN, et al. (2002) Molecular characterisation of ß-lactamases from Escherichia coli isolated from a multi-centre trial in India: benchmark report from the MYSTIC program. Abstracts of the Forty-second Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySan Diego, CA(American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA) pp. 114 Abstract C2-1872.
5 Karim A, Poirel L, Nagarajan S, et al. (2001) Plasmid-mediated extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (CTX-M3-like) from India and association with insertion sequence IS. Ecp1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 201:237–41.
6 Lartigue M-F, Poirel L, Nordmann P. (2004) Diversity of genetic environment of blaCTX-M genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 234:201–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
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