JAC Advance Access originally published online on August 17, 2006
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2006 58(5):1101-1102; doi:10.1093/jac/dkl345
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Correspondence |
First report of OXA-23 carbapenemase in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species in the Irish Republic
1Department of Microbiology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital Dublin 8, Ireland 2Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin 8, Ireland
*Corresponding author. Tel: +353-1-4162968; Fax: +353-1-4738902; E-mail: bcrowley{at}stjames.ie
Keywords: Acinetobacter genomic species 3 , antibiotic resistance , meropenem
Sir,
Meropenem and imipenem are carbapenems that remain active against organisms carrying most Ambler classes A and C ß-lactamases which include many Gram-negative bacilli, including Acinetobacter spp. However, carbapenem resistance is increasingly encountered in Acinetobacter isolates worldwide.1 Mechanisms of carbapenem resistance include the loss of porins, increase in efflux activity and the production of Ambler class B metallo-ß-lactamases such as VIM and IMP enzymes. Another mechanism is the production of Ambler class D oxacillinases (OXA enzymes) with carbapenem-hydrolysing activity, such as OXA-23 and OXA-51 carbapenemases. A multidrug-resistant OXA-23 carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii clone has spread rapidly among UK hospitals in recent years.2 We report two Acinetobacter isolates producing OXA-23 enzyme in the Irish Republic.
Two meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter isolates were encountered in our hospital in 2005. The first isolate (05/29540) was isolated from a biliary drain fluid specimen of a 62-year-old patient who underwent a laparotomy for gall bladder perforation and associated intra-abdominal sepsis. She had underlying pancreatic carcinoma and diabetes mellitus. Recent antimicrobial therapy included piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. The patient did not receive a carbapenem prior to the isolation of the organism. The second isolate (05/12659) was cultured from a sputum specimen of a 49-year-old patient with a history of complicated inflammatory bowel disease associated with recent intensive care (ICU) admission for intra-abdominal sepsis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection. Recent antimicrobial treatment included meropenem, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and caspofungin. He was also on immunosuppressants, methotrexate and infliximab, and was neutropenic (neutrophil count of <0.1 x 109/L) at the time of the organism's isolation. The two cases were epidemiologically unrelated in time or space.
Both isolates were presumptively identified as A. baumannii using the Vitek-2 automated identification and susceptibility test system (bioMerieux, Basingstoke, UK), but amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) subsequently confirmed both isolates to be Acinetobacter genomic species 3. Both isolates demonstrated resistance to ß-lactams including meropenem (MIC 
16 mg/L) and to quinolones. 05/29540 was also resistant to gentamicin and co-trimoxazole but susceptible to tobramycin and amikacin. 05/12659 was susceptible to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and co-trimoxazole. Antimicrobial susceptibility results with agar dilution and Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) methods using CLSI guidelines are shown in Table 1.
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Using Etest metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) strips (imipenem MIC: imipenem + EDTA MIC) (AB Biodisk), ratios of
24 and 12 were obtained for 05/29540 and 05/12659, respectively, suggesting the presence of MBL activity. However, PCR using VIM and IMP primers did not reveal the presence of relevant amplicons on agarose gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing revealed a ß-lactamase with a pI value of 6.7 for both isolates as well as the OXA-23 positive control, suggesting the presence of OXA-23 carbapenemase activity. PCR using OXA-23-like primers revealed a single amplicon in the region between 800 and 900 bp in size for both isolates and the OXA-23 positive control.3 Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons demonstrated >99.5% and 100% homology with the blaOXA-23 carbapenemase gene (GenBank database accession number AJ132105
[GenBank]
), from bp 24 to bp 822 for 05/29540 and from bp 31 to bp 822 for 05/12659.3 Nucleotide sequences in the regions of variation between blaOXA-23, blaOXA-27 and blaOXA-49 are all consistent with blaOXA-23 for both isolates. PCR with OXA-51-like primers did not reveal the presence of a blaOXA-51-like carbapenemase gene in either isolate,4 while amplicons of the expected size were obtained with the positive control as well as the A. baumannii ATCC 19606 strain. PCR also did not detect the presence of class 1 integrons in both isolates.2 DNA macrorestriction followed by PFGE revealed the two isolates' profiles to be distinct from one another, suggesting that they are not clonally related. OXA carbapenemases are increasingly encountered worldwide, especially in the nosocomial setting. To our knowledge, these are the first reported isolates of OXA-23 carbapenemases in Acinetobacter spp. in the Irish Republic. They were associated with risk factors for antimicrobial resistance such as prior antibiotic treatment, ICU admission, immunosuppression and severe underlying diseases. Acinetobacter genomic species 3, like A. baumannii, has been associated with nosocomial cross-infection and is the predominant Acinetobacter sp. in some institutions.5 In view of their roles in nosocomial outbreaks, accurate speciation of Acinetobacter spp. is essential. Thus we would like to highlight the problem of misidentification of Acinetobacter spp. by commercial systems utilizing phenotypic tests (e.g.Vitek-2) and the need for further molecular typing for accurate speciation.
Interestingly, both isolates met the screening criterion (imipenem to imipenem/EDTA ratio of 8) for MBL activity using the Etest MBL strips, even though subsequent PCR assays did not indicate the presence of blaVIM or blaIMP genes. Such a phenomenon has also been observed by Segal et al.6 However, the imipenem to imipenem/EDTA ratios of 05/29540 and 05/12659 were lower (8 and 4, respectively) with the agar dilution method, thus suggesting that the latter method may be more specific for the detection of MBL activity. Therefore, Etest for the detection of MBL in Acinetobacter spp. must be used with caution and requires further validation before a positive result is conclusive.
The presence of OXA-23 carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter spp. in the Irish Republic has not yet been associated with outbreak problems as seen in the UK. Nevertheless, the emergence of such a resistance mechanism in Acinetobacter isolates represents a worrying trend, although it is probably unsurprising given the recent trends in carbapenem resistance elsewhere in the world. We would like to reiterate the importance of prudence in antimicrobial prescription and adherence to infection control measures in the efforts to control the rise of such resistance mechanisms, as well as the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents in the face of pan-ß-lactam resistance.
Transparency declarations
We have no affiliations with the pharmaceutical industry or any related commercial concerns.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr Susan Brown for the donation of the OXA positive controls and Dr Jane Turton for performing the ARDRA and PFGE on our isolates.
References
1
Afzal-Shah M and Livermore DM. (1998) Worldwide emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 41:576–7.
2
Turton JF, Kaufmann ME, Glover J, et al. (2005) Detection and typing of integrons in epidemic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii found in the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol 43:3074–82.
3
Donald HM, Scaife W, Amyes SGB, et al. (2000) Sequence analysis of ARI-1, a novel OXA ß-lactamase, responsible for imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii 6B92. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:196–9.
4 Turton JF, Ward ME, Woodford N, et al. (2006) The role of ISAba1 in expression of OXA carbapenemase genes in Acinetobacter baumannii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 258:72–7.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
5 Traub WH and Bauer D. (2000) Surveillance of nosocomial cross-infections due to three Acinetobacter genospecies (Acinetobacter baumannii, genospecies 3 and genospecies 13) during a 10-year observation period: serotyping, macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA and antibiotic susceptibilities. Chemotherapy 46:282–92.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
6
Segal H and Elisha BG. (2005) Use of Etest MBL strips for the detection of carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:598.
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