JAC Advance Access originally published online on July 29, 2003
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Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2003) 52, 489-492
© 2003 The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in German Escherichia coli isolates from cattle, swine and poultry
1 National Salmonella Reference Laboratory (Berlin) and 2 National Escherichia coli Reference Laboratory (Dessau), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), P.O. Box 480447, D-12254 Berlin, Germany
Received 1 April 2003; returned 23 April 2003; revised 2 June 2003; accepted 9 June 2003
Objective: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the antimicrobial resistance of German Escherichia coli strains isolated during 1999–2001 from cattle, swine and poultry.
Materials and methods: Three hundred and seventeen isolates were tested for their resistance to 17 antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution. Resistant strains were screened by molecular methods for resistance genes, integrons and mutations in quinolone-resistance determining regions.
Results: Resistance was found in 40% and multiresistance in 32% of the strains. The resistance was significantly higher in isolates from poultry (61%) and swine (60%) than from cattle (25%) (P < 0.01). The most prevalent resistances were to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin and spectinomycin (30–15%). For each antibiotic, the predominant resistance genes were: ampicillin, blaTEM1-like (92%); chloramphenicol, catA (68%) and cmlA1-like (36%); gentamicin, aac(3)-IV (60%); kanamycin, aphA1 (100%); streptomycin, aadA1-like (61%) and strA/B (59%); sulfamethoxazole, sul2 (66%), sul1 (42%) and sul3 (14%); tetracycline, tet(A) (66%) and tet(B) (42%); and trimethoprim, dfrA1-like (77%), dfrA17 (13%) and dfrA12 (7%). Class 1 integrons were found in 30% of the strains. They carried dfrA1-aadA1a (40%), aadA1a (29%), sat1-aadA1a (16%), dfrA17-aadA5 (11%), oxa1-aadA1a (5%) and dfrA12-aadA2 (3%). Eleven percent of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid. Of these, 61% presented a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC = 0.12–2 mg/L) and single mutations in gyrA or gyrA and parC genes, and 39%, full resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC 
4 mg/L) and double and single mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively.
Conclusion: The study gives baseline information on the magnitude of the resistance problem and its genetic background in contemporary German E. coli from food-producing animals.
Keywords: resistance genes, quinolones, integrons
* Corresponding author. Tel: +49-30-8412-2233; Fax: +49-30-8412-2953; E-mail: r.helmuth{at}bfr.bund.de
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