Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2000) 45, 763-770
© 2000 The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Expression of resistance to tetracyclines in strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
a Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; b National Reference Centre for Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria, Sera and Vaccines Central Research Laboratory, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
A diverse collection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates resistant to tetracycline was screened by PCR for the presence of the resistance determinants tetK, tetL, tetM or tetO. Twenty-four of 66 isolates had tetM alone, 21 had tetK alone and 21 had both tetK and tetM (tetKM). All isolates were tetL- and tetO-negative. MICs of tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline were evaluated for all isolates with or without preincubation in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline or minocycline. All isolates with one or more tetracycline resistance determinants were resistant to tetracycline 8 mg/L without induction of resistance. Some MRSA isolates of each of these three genotypes showed an unexpected lack of resistance to tetracyclines when the disc diffusion or agar dilution method was applied to uninduced cells. Resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline was greater (two- to four-fold) in tetK cells preincubated with tetracycline (tetK MRSA isolates were susceptible to minocycline 
0.25 mg/L under all conditions tested). For isolates with tetM alone, preincubation with tetracycline or minocycline gave up to a four-fold increase in the level of resistance to doxycycline and minocycline. Induction of doxycycline and minocycline resistance was clearly observed for tetKM isolates when cells were preincubated with minocycline. This study suggests that, despite the results of susceptibility testing, all tetracycline-resistant S. aureus isolates should be treated as resistant to doxycycline, and all tetM-positive isolates should be treated as resistant to all tetracyclines. A double disc diffusion method has been developed to identify inducible resistance to minocycline and to distinguish between tetK, tetM and tetKM isolates.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +44-24-76522587; Fax: +44-24-76523701; E-mail: mjkr{at}dna.bio.warwick.ac.uk
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. Kadlec, R. Ehricht, S. Monecke, U. Steinacker, H. Kaspar, J. Mankertz, and S. Schwarz Diversity of antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 from diseased swine J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2009; 64(6): 1156 - 1164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Rizzotti, F. La Gioia, F. Dellaglio, and S. Torriani Characterization of Tetracycline-Resistant Streptococcus thermophilus Isolates from Italian Soft Cheeses Appl. Envir. Microbiol., June 15, 2009; 75(12): 4224 - 4229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Takano, W. Higuchi, T. Otsuka, T. Baranovich, S. Enany, K. Saito, H. Isobe, S. Dohmae, K. Ozaki, M. Takano, et al. Novel Characteristics of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Belonging to Multilocus Sequence Type 59 in Taiwan Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., March 1, 2008; 52(3): 837 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kielian, N. Esen, S. Liu, N. K. Phulwani, M. M. Syed, N. Phillips, K. Nishina, A. L. Cheung, J. D. Schwartzman, and J. J. Ruhe Minocycline Modulates Neuroinflammation Independently of Its Antimicrobial Activity in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Brain Abscess Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2007; 171(4): 1199 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Ruhe and A. Menon Tetracyclines as an Oral Treatment Option for Patients with Community Onset Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2007; 51(9): 3298 - 3303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Izdebski, E. Sadowy, J. Fiett, P. Grzesiowski, M. Gniadkowski, and W. Hryniewicz Clonal Diversity and Resistance Mechanisms in Tetracycline-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Poland Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., April 1, 2007; 51(4): 1155 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Brenciani, A. Bacciaglia, M. Vecchi, L. A. Vitali, P. E. Varaldo, and E. Giovanetti Genetic Elements Carrying erm(B) in Streptococcus pyogenes and Association with tet(M) Tetracycline Resistance Gene Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., April 1, 2007; 51(4): 1209 - 1216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Zolezzi, P. G. Cepero, J. Ruiz, L. M. Laplana, C. R. Calvo, and R. Gomez-Lus Molecular Epidemiology of Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistances in Commensal Gemella sp. Isolates Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., April 1, 2007; 51(4): 1487 - 1490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Denis, A. Deplano, C. Nonhoff, M. Hallin, R. De Ryck, R. Vanhoof, R. De Mendonca, and M. J. Struelens In Vitro Activities of Ceftobiprole, Tigecycline, Daptomycin, and 19 Other Antimicrobials against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains from a National Survey of Belgian Hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., August 1, 2006; 50(8): 2680 - 2685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Jones, M. Tuckman, A. Y. M. Howe, M. Orlowski, S. Mullen, K. Chan, and P. A. Bradford Diagnostic PCR Analysis of the Occurrence of Methicillin and Tetracycline Resistance Genes among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Phase 3 Clinical Trials of Tigecycline for Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2006; 50(2): 505 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Cochetti, M. Vecchi, M. Mingoia, E. Tili, M. R. Catania, A. Manzin, P. E. Varaldo, and M. P. Montanari Molecular Characterization of Pneumococci with Efflux-Mediated Erythromycin Resistance and Identification of a Novel mef Gene Subclass, mef(I) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2005; 49(12): 4999 - 5006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Duarte, R. R. Barros, R. R. Facklam, and L. M. Teixeira Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Streptococcus porcinus Isolated from Human Sources J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2005; 43(9): 4592 - 4601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Petsaris, F. Miszczak, M. Gicquel-Bruneau, A. Perrin-Guyomard, F. Humbert, P. Sanders, and R. Leclercq Combined Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Chickens Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2005; 71(5): 2796 - 2799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Fluit, A. Florijn, J. Verhoef, and D. Milatovic Presence of Tetracycline Resistance Determinants and Susceptibility to Tigecycline and Minocycline Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., April 1, 2005; 49(4): 1636 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. C. Truong-Bolduc, P. M. Dunman, J. Strahilevitz, S. J. Projan, and D. C. Hooper MgrA Is a Multiple Regulator of Two New Efflux Pumps in Staphylococcus aureus J. Bacteriol., April 1, 2005; 187(7): 2395 - 2405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Duarte, B. C. Bellei, O. P. Miranda, M. A. V. P. Brito, and L. M. Teixeira Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Related Genes among Brazilian Group B Streptococci Recovered from Bovine and Human Sources Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2005; 49(1): 97 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Brenciani, K. K. Ojo, A. Monachetti, S. Menzo, M. C. Roberts, P. E. Varaldo, and E. Giovanetti Distribution and molecular analysis of mef(A)-containing elements in tetracycline-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pyogenes clinical isolates with efflux-mediated erythromycin resistance J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2004; 54(6): 991 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Duarte, O. P. Miranda, B. C. Bellei, M. A. V. P. Brito, and L. M. Teixeira Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates Recovered from Milk of Dairy Cows in Brazil J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2004; 42(9): 4214 - 4222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sudano Roccaro, A. R. Blanco, F. Giuliano, D. Rusciano, and V. Enea Epigallocatechin-Gallate Enhances the Activity of Tetracycline in Staphylococci by Inhibiting Its Efflux from Bacterial Cells Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., June 1, 2004; 48(6): 1968 - 1973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Huys, K. D'Haene, J.-M. Collard, and J. Swings Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Tetracycline Resistance in Enterococcus Isolates from Food Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2004; 70(3): 1555 - 1562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Betriu, E. Culebras, I. Rodriguez-Avial, M. Gomez, B. A. Sanchez, and J. J. Picazo In Vitro Activities of Tigecycline against Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae: Mechanisms of Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistance Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., January 1, 2004; 48(1): 323 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giovanetti, A. Brenciani, R. Lupidi, M. C. Roberts, and P. E. Varaldo Presence of the tet(O) Gene in Erythromycin- and Tetracycline-Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and Linkage with either the mef(A) or the erm(A) Gene Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., September 1, 2003; 47(9): 2844 - 2849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Strommenger, C. Kettlitz, G. Werner, and W. Witte Multiplex PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Nine Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Staphylococcus aureus J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2003; 41(9): 4089 - 4094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Montanari, I. Cochetti, M. Mingoia, and P. E. Varaldo Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Tetracycline- and Erythromycin-Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2003; 47(7): 2236 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Dominguez, M. Zarazaga, and C. Torres Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus Isolates Obtained from Fecal Samples of Healthy Children J. Clin. Microbiol., July 1, 2002; 40(7): 2638 - 2641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Culebras, I. Rodriguez-Avial, C. Betriu, M. Redondo, and J. J. Picazo Macrolide and Tetracycline Resistance and Molecular Relationships of Clinical Strains of Streptococcus agalactiae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2002; 46(5): 1574 - 1576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Fluit, M. R. Visser, and F.-J. Schmitz Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Clin. Microbiol. Rev., October 1, 2001; 14(4): 836 - 871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-J. Schmitz, A. Krey, R. Sadurski, J. Verhoef, D. Milatovic, A. C. Fluit, and for the European SENTRY participants Resistance to tetracycline and distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in European Staphylococcus aureus isolates J. Antimicrob. Chemother., February 1, 2001; 47(2): 239 - 240. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Doherty, K. Trzcinski, P. Pickerill, P. Zawadzki, and C. G. Dowson Genetic Diversity of the tet(M) Gene in Tetracycline-Resistant Clonal Lineages of Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., November 1, 2000; 44(11): 2979 - 2984. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|